Risk taking is the oxygen of all development. God make us daring

Sir, I refer to Arvind Subramanian’s “Developing economies must not succumb to export pessimism” October 16.

In October 2007 at the High-level Dialogue on Financing for Developing at the United Nations, New York I presented a document titled “Are the Basel Bank Regulations Good for Development?”

Let me quote just two paragraphs from it:

“Credits deemed to have a low default or collection risk will intrinsically always have the advantage of being better perceived and therefore being charged lower interest rates, precisely because they are lower risk. But, the minimum capital requirements of the Basel regulations, by additionally rewarding "low risk" with the cost saving benefits resulting from lower capital requirements, are unduly leveraging the attractiveness of "low risk" when compared to "higher risk" financing.

It is very sad when a developed nation decides making risk-adverseness the primary goal of their banking system and places itself voluntarily on a downward slope, since risk taking is an integral part of its economic vitality, but it is a real tragedy when developing countries copycats that and falls into the trap of calling it quits.”

Risk taking is the oxygen of all development. God make us daring!

The risk weighted bank capital requirements represent a monstrous “intellectual dereliction of duty” and so is the continued silence on it by “Western economists, academics and policy advisors”

@PerKurowski

What keeps IMF and World Bank so silent on bank regulations that go against their respective mission?

Sir, you argue, “If the IMF and the World Bank were to disappear, the absence of their combination of expertise, credibility and cash would soon be painfully obvious.” “Bretton Woods twins need to keep adapting” July 18.

Absolutely but they would also be sorely missed as the right places for having serious discussions on many serious issues that can affect our economies. 

But in that respect both have also been somewhat amiss of their responsibilities. The Basel Committee’s credit risk weighted bank capital requirements, which so dangerously distort the allocation of bank credit, have not been sufficiently discussed.

The World Bank, as the world’s premier development bank, knows that risk taking is the oxygen of any development. With this in mind it should loudly oppose regulations that so much favors the safer present’s access to bank credit over that of the riskier future. Doing so dooms our economies to a more obese less muscular growth. 

And IMF should know that all that piece of regulation really guarantees, is especially large bank crises, caused by especially large exposures to something perceived or decreed as especially safe, and that turn out to be especially risky, while being held against especially little bank capital. 

Why the twins’ silence? Perhaps too much group think, perhaps too close relations with regulators, something that could make this topic uncomfortable to discuss. 

PS. My comments to the Financial Stability Board

With bank regulations biased against risk taking, the oxygen of development, emerging has been made so much more difficult for nations

Sir, I refer to Jonathan Wheatley’s report on emerging markets “Falling further behind” July 17. 

Banks used to apportion their credit between those perceived as risky, and those perceived as safe, based on their own portfolio considerations and risk adjusted interest rates. But that was before the Basel Committee’s risk weighted capital requirements.

Now banks apportion credit between those perceived as risky, and those perceived as safe, based on their own portfolio considerations, the risk adjusted interest rates, and the times bank equity can be leveraged with those risk adjusted interest rates, so as to be able to earn higher risk adjusted returns on equity.

That has leveraged whatever natural discrimination in access to bank credit there is in favor of the “safer present” against that of the riskier future. Since risk taking is the oxygen of any development, what might this have done to the emerging markets?

PS. Here is the document I presented in October 2007 at the High-level Dialogue on Financing for Developing at the United Nations, New York.

@PerKurowski

If China abandons the risk weighted bank capital requirements, and the West does not, the West is lost.

Sir, Martin Wolf with respect to China quotes premier Li Keqiang stating: “We will reform and refine monetary and credit supply mechanisms, and employ . . . a combination of quantitative and pricing approaches . . . to guide financial institutions in increasing credit supply and bringing down the cost of borrowing”… [and that he] stressed the need to “ease funding shortages faced by private enterprises”, “encourage private actors to engage in innovation” and “attract more private capital into projects in key areas”. “The Chinese economy is stabilising” April 3.

In his book Money: Whence it came, where it went” (1975), John Kenneth Galbraith speculates on the fact that one of the basic fundamentals of the accelerated growth experienced in the western and south-western parts of the United States during the past century was the existence of an aggressive banking sector working in a relatively unregulated environment. He wrote, “Banks opened and closed doors and bankruptcies were frequent, but as a consequence of agile and flexible credit policies, even the banks that failed left a wake of development in their passing.”

And that hits the nail. Risk taking is the oxygen of any development.

The current risk adverse risk weighted capital requirements for banks that assigns a risk weight of 0% to the Sovereign, 20% to any AAA rated corporation, 35% to residential mortgages and 100% to the unrated citizens, like those entrepreneurs on whom a nation’s strength depends on, is the perfect recipe for a secular stagnation.

God make us daring!

@PerKurowski

I hope David Malpass, nominated by USA, if confirmed as president of the world’s premier development bank, understands that risk-taking is the oxygen of all development.

Sir, Robert Zoellick writes: “If policymakers overlook the experience of developing countries during the crisis, they are less likely to consider emerging market dynamics, understand developing economies’ sources of resilience and appreciate vulnerabilities” “Who ever runs the World Bank needs a plan for emerging markets” February 6.

Of course no one should overlook experiences obtained during crises but, focusing excessively on these, puts a damper on the potential growth between the crises.

In his book “Money: Whence it came, where it went” (1975), John Kenneth Galbraith, referring to the accelerated growth experienced in the western and south-western parts of the United States during the 19thcentury, argued that it was the result of an aggressive banking sector working in a relatively unregulated environment. “Banks opened and closed doors and bankruptcies were frequent, but as a consequence of agile and flexible credit policies, even the banks that failed left a wake of development in their passing.”

For instance when banks are required to hold more capital when lending to their “risky” entrepreneurs, than when lending to their “safe” sovereign, as current Basel regulations mandate, that is bad enough in developed countries, but, in developing/emerging countries, it is absolute lunacy.

While an Executive Director in the World Bank 2002-2004, a time during which Basel I was discussed I did what I could to alert to the huge mistakes of its pillar, the risk weighted capital requirements for banks. Unfortunately I was not able to convey my warnings, and these were approved in June 2004.

I hope that David Malpass, now nominated by USA, if confirmed as the next president of the World Bank, fully understands the following:

First, that risk-taking is the oxygen of any development, and therefore the regulators’ risk adverse risk weighted capital requirements impede banks from taking efficiently the risks that are needed to push our economies forward. “A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what ships are for.” John A Shedd.

Second, that what’s perceived ex ante as risky is much less dangerous to our bank systems than what’s perceived as safe, and so that these regulations doom us to especially large bank crises, because of especially large bank exposures to what is especially perceived (or decreed) as safe, against especially little bank capital.

God make us daring!

PS. Here is a brief summary of what I had to say on this issue before and during my term as an ED. It includes two letters published by FT

@PerKurowski

What I as a former Executive Director, pray that any new President of the World Bank understands

A letter to the Financial Times

Sir, I was an ED at WB from November 2002 until October 2004. During that time Basel II was being discussed. It was approved in June 2004. 

I was against the basic principles of these regulations that had begun with the Basel Accord of 1988, Basel I. That should be clear from Op-Eds I had published earlier, transcripts of my statements at the WB Board, and in the letters that I wrote and FT published during that time. Here is a brief summary of all that 

Since then I haven't changed my mind... that package of bank regulations is almost unimaginable bad.

I pray the next president of the world’s premier development bank, whoever he is, and wherever he comes from, at least, as a minimum minimorum, understands:

First, that risk-taking is the oxygen of any development, and therefore the regulators’ risk adverse risk weighted capital requirements, will distort against banks taking the risks that help to push our economies forward. “A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what ships are for.”, John A Shedd.

Second, that what’s perceived as risky is much less dangerous to our bank systems than what’s perceived as safe, and so that these regulations doom us to especially large bank crises, because of especially large exposures to what is especially perceived (or decreed) as safe, against especially little capital.

Sir, would you not agree that mine is a quite reasonable wish?

@PerKurowski

Bank regulators from developed countries kicked away the ladder of risk-taking for the developing ones

Sir, Mohamed El-Erian writes: “the global economy is losing momentum and the divergence between advanced economies is growing… the majority of developed economies are yet to adopt meaningful pro-growth measures”, “Faltering developed world economies raise the risks for equity investors” November 21

Sir, Friedrich List in “The National System of Political Economy” 1885[1]wrote that free trade was the means through which an already industrialized country “kicks away the ladder by which it has climbed up, in order to deprive others of the means of climbing up after it.” 

In a similar way I would argue that the Basel Committee, with its perceived credit risk weighted capital requirements for banks kicked away from the developing countries that ladder of risk-taking that had been the oxygen for helping to get the developed countries where they are.

In 2007 at the High-level Dialogue on Financing for Developing at the United Nations, New York, October 2007, I introduced a document titled“Are the Basel bank regulations good for development?”

In it I tried to explain that prioritizing as it does bank lending to the safer present over that to the riskier future is not how a nation can develop.

Sadly, nothing came of it.

But worse, the fact that the developed countries also promote these regulations means they are now reversing their development; and they will also have to confront especially horrible crises… those caused by especially excessive bank exposures to what is ex ante especially perceived as safe, but that ex post turn out risky, against especially little bank capital.

PS. A statement in 2003 as an Executive Director at the World Bank: “Risk aversion comes at a cost - a cost that might be acceptable for developed and industrialized countries but that might be too high for poor and developing ones. In this respect the Bank has the responsibility of helping developing countries to strike the right balance between risks and growth possibilities…. In this respect let us not forget that the other side of the Basel [Committee’s regulatory risk weighted capital requirements] coin might be many, many developing opportunities in credit foregone.”

PS. A 2019 letter to the Executive Directors and Staff of the International Monetary Fund.

God make us daring!

Fast forward to December 2025: AI - ChatGPT - Grok: With Basel Committee’s risk weighted bank capital/equity requirements, would the “developed world” have developed?

@PerKurowski

[1]List, F. 1885. The National System of Political Economy, translated by Sampson S. Lloyd from the original German published in 1841. London: Longmans, Green, and Company

Our bank regulators, just like "Sulley" Sullivan and Mike Wazowski, fear the wrong thing.

Sir, Martin Wolf, discussing US-China relation ends with, “Our enemy is not China. Have confidence in our values of freedom and democracy. Understand that it is on the creation of new ideas that we depend, not the protection of old ones. That in turn depends on freedom of inquiry and openness to the best talent from around the world. If western countries lose these, they will lose the future. As the greatest US president of the 20th century declared: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” “America must reset its rhetoric on China’s rise” October 31.

Absolutely! But why then it is so hard to get Mr. Wolf to understand that current risk weighted capital requirements for banks, which so dangerously distorts the allocation of credit to the real economy, is nothing but an expression of fear… and to top it up a completely unfounded one. 

Just as "Sulley" Sullivan and Mike Wazowski in Monsters Inc. thought that children were toxic to them, the regulators are convinced that what’s perceived as risky is what’s dangerous to our bank system. Of course it is what’s perceived as safe that poses the real dangers.

Wolf asks, “What has been the most important event of 2018 so far?” He answers “arguably, it was the speech on US-China relations by Mike Pence, US vice-president, on October 4.”

I would hold that the most disastrous important event during the last three decades was the introduction, in 1988, with the Basel Accord, of these so utterly silly and naïve risk adverse regulations. That year the Western world said no ti the risk-taking that has been the oxygen of its development.

Sir, again, let me remind you that just for a starter, had no banks been allowed to leverage with assets over 60 times only because these were AAA rated, or limitless with loans to sovereigns like Greece and Italy, we would all be in a much different and surely better world.

When is Martin Wolf going to stop protecting old senseless fears?

God make us daring!

The risk weighted capital requirements for banks close way too many development doors.

Sir, Martin Wolf referring to the World Bank’s latest Global Economic Prospects writes: “A slowdown in the potential rate of growth is affecting many developing countries. This is not only the result of demographic change, but also of a weakening in productivity growth. They need to tackle this urgently.” “Recovery is a chance for the emerging world” January 17.

Sir, during my two years as an Executive Director of the World Bank, and with respect to the Basel Committees’ bank regulations, I continuously argued for the need to maintain “an adequate equilibrium between risk-avoidance and the risk-taking needed to sustain growth.”

At the High level Dialogue on Financing for developing I presented a document titled “Are Basel bank regulations good for development?” which I answered with a clear NO!

In 2009 Martin Wolf, in his Economic Forum allowed me to publish “Free us from the imprudent risk aversion and give us some prudent risk-taking”.

And in hundreds sites more, among other with over 2600 letters to FT, I have argued about the horrible mistakes of the risk weighted capital requirements for banks present, not just for developing countries but also for developed ones.

The distortion these produce in the allocation of bank credit in favor or what is perceived or decreed as safe, sovereigns, AAA rated and mortgages, has impeded millions of “risky” entrepreneurs around the world to gain access to bank credit, thereby hindering much new productivity.

And those regulations will not bring us stability, much the contrary.

So the first thing to do to allow what Wolf wants, “greater entrepreneurial effort, more competition, higher investment and faster improvements in productivity”, is the elimination of risk weighted capital requirements for banks.” But Martin Wolf will most probably not agree, because how could he?

Sir, and as I have told you umpteenth times those regulations will not bring us stability, much the contrary.

PS. Look for instance at houses. What would the price of a house be if there was no financing available to purchase these? Of the current price of houses how much is represented by the intrinsic value of the house, and how much is a reflection of all one-way-or-another subsidized financing allocated to that sector? The sad truth is that our society has ended up financing the financing of houses. When all that low risk weighted mortgaging comes home to roost in a subprime unproductive economy, it will be hellish.

@PerKurowski

If central banks offered “unimpeachably safe liquid assets” to all, how much negative interests would these pay?

Sir, George Hatjoullis writes: “Only the central bank can provide unimpeachably safe liquid assets…[so] allow individuals and corporate entities to hold deposit accounts with the central bank… The banking system would be free to pursue its risky credit provision role and individual entities would have their safe liquid haven”, “Allow deposit accounts within central banks” September 25.

That is based on two false premises. The first one is that central banks really are riskless. Though they can always print money, there’s no guarantee they won’t print too much money, and therefore repay with money worth less.

The other is that you could provide some with “unimpeachably safe liquid assets… a safe liquid haven” at no costs. The opportunity cost of that, is not sharing into the benefits of risk taking.

When it comes down to risk management I always start by asking: “What risk is it that you can least afford not to take?” That is because the worst certainty comes hand in hand with the avoidance of all risks.

Sir, to allow some to have access to unimpeachably safe liquid assets, while others take the risks, just guarantees putting inequality on steroids. The society should not do that! An adequate bank system allows everyone to share, at least ever so slightly; in the risk-taking the society needs to move forward.

@PerKurowski

If I’d given Trump’s speech in Warsaw about the Western civilization, I would have given it a totally different spin.

Sir, Martin Wolf writes: “Development is a moral cause” “A clash of civilisations or community?” July 12.

Absolutely! And so it is immoral to promote risk aversion when knowing, as we should know, that risk-taking is the oxygen of development. If I were Trump the following would be my speech with relation to Western civilization:

“The fundamental question of our time is whether the west has the will to survive. Do we have the confidence in our values to defend them at any cost?” Do we have the willpower to stop regulators who tell our banks not to finance our young’s future, as that’s too risky, and instead earn their returns on equity by refinancing their parents’ past and present as that’s safer? Where did we lose that which made us sang in our churches “God make us willing”? And when did we give up on the citizen, risk weighting them 100%, so as to place all our trusts in governments, risk weighing our sovereigns 0%?”

Sir, Martin Wolf once told me I had an obsession against the risk weighted bank capital requirements of the Basel Committee. I confess. I do. But he himself now displays having fallen victim to that obsession a la mode that is to be against Donald Trump, as if getting rid of Trump would normalize our world.

It is so much an obsession that he like many argues that Trump’s abandonment of the wishy-washy, photo-ops, green profiteering lobbied Paris agreements, will de facto be what causes the extinction of our planet, as we know it. Its crazy!

Wolf explains “plutopopulism”, the possible source of a “clash of civilisations”, as the natural consequence of high inequality. There I agree! But the recent high inequality that is registered, for instance in the USA, is the direct consequence of QEs and alike kicking the crisis can down the road, while maintaining regulatory distortions that favor the Sovereign, the AAA-risktocracy and the ownership of houses. And on that Wolf keeps mum!

And clashes of civilization, worse than global, domestic ones, will be the result if we do not prepare in time to hinder that breakdown of social cohesion that will result from a growing structural unemployment. Sir, we need, urgently, worthy and decent unemployments. How? A Universal Basic Income seems to be a logical start.

At the end of last decade I shared much the concerns of Martin Wolf, seemingly not any longer. Why? When Wolf writes: “the west contains far too small a proportion of humanity to lay any moral claim to global management”, I am saddened. Our morality is not to be dictated by majorities.

I am born in Venezuela, educated in Sweden, worked in Venezuela, live in Washington and have Canadian grandchildren. I feel globalized and sure I cannot be defined either as a reactionary or as a chauvinist by my way or life. But, to hold as Wolf does, that “Terrorism is just a nuisance” that “could poison relations with 1.6bn Muslims worldwide”, makes it absolutely clear to me that, for better or for worse, I will never be as globalized as Martin Wolf. When and why did he so completely jump off the Western Judean-Christian civilization?

Yes, “Nazism was an existential threat”, within the Western Judean-Christian civilization. Thank God it was defeated, with the Western Judean-Christian civilization’s forces and convictions. 

@PerKurowski

World Bank, once again, the Basel bank regulations’ implicit risk aversion, attempts against any development.

Sir, Shawn Donnan writes: “In an interview, Paul Romer, World Bank chief economist, said the long-term effect of weak investment on developing economies was one of the main long-term challenges facing the global economy.” “World Bank warns on weak investment” June 5.

In October 2007, at the High-level Dialogue on Financing for Developing at the United Nations, in New York, I presented a document titled “Are the Basel bank regulations good for development?” It contained among many other the following paragraphs:

“It is very sad when a developed nation decides making risk-adverseness the primary goal of their banking system and places itself voluntarily on a downward slope, since risk taking is an integral part of its economic vitality, but it is a real tragedy when developing countries copycats that and falls into the trap of calling it quits.”

“The World Bank, as a development institution, should have played a much more counterbalancing role in this debate, but unfortunately it has been often silenced in the name of the need to "harmonize" with the IMF. Likewise, the Financial Stability Forum is also, by its sheer composition and mission, too closely related to the Basel bank regulations to provide for an independent perspective, much less represent the special needs of developing countries.”

“For the record, let us state that although we have made the above comments from the perspective of ‘finance for development,’ most of the criticism put forward is just as applicable to developed countries.”

“To conclude, we wish to insist that no society can survive by simply maximizing risk avoidance; future generations will pay dearly for this current run to safety.”

Unfortunately my arguments have gone nowhere. As is, the wagons circled by bank regulators to fend off any criticism, has been impenetrable to truths such as those implied in John A Shedd’s “A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what ships are for”.

PS. 2002-2004, as an Executive Director of the World Bank I did what I could to silence those sirens singing that the risk weighted capital requirements would make our banks, and our economies, safer. I stood no chance. Basel’s siren’s song sounded much sweeter.

@PerKurowski

We urgently need one judge hauling a bank regulator to his court, in order to ask him one very simple question

Sir, Chris Giles writes that Raghuram Rajan, the head of the Indian central bank said he was a supporter of stimulus policies to “balance things out” in short periods when households or companies are proving excessively cautious with their spending, but eight years after the financial crisis he said we now “have to ask ourselves is that the real problem”. “Underlying performance suffers from loose policies, says India governor” May 16. About time!

Sir, as you know, for a long time I have held that any stimulus policy is really wasted as long as the risk-weighted capital requirements for banks impede bank credit to flow efficiently to the real economy. Those regulations are just another stimulus for bank lending to “The Safe”, and that is not the kind of stimulus the next generations need.

Those regulations odiously discriminate against the access to bank credit of those perceived as “The Risky” like SMEs and entrepreneurs.

And I would love to haul any of the big name bank regulators, like Draghi, Greenspan, Bernanke, Ingves, Carney or many other, in front of a judge to have him, under oath answering the following question:

Mr. Regulator, current risk weighted capital requirements for banks indicate a risk weight of 150% for what is rated below BB- and of only 20% for what is rated AAA to AA. Do you sincerely believe that what is rated below BB- and that one would therefore presume is not an attractive asset for a bank, to be so much riskier for the banking system than those rated AAA to AA?

If the regulator answers “Yes”, the judge should ask for a detailed explanation.

If the regulator, being under oath, truthfully responds “No”, then the judge should ask: Does that not indicate that there is something fundamentally wrong with the credit risk weighting?

And then persons like me, who for over a decade have not been able to extract an answer from the regulators, would at least have something to work with.

In the case of India, such trial evidence could help us to remind Raghuram Rajan that risk-taking is the oxygen of any development. And of that if some developed countries seem to have had enough of development, and do not want to risk climbing further up their ladder, this does not mean that a developing country should copycat such dumb credit risk aversion.

@PerKurowski ©

Sir, here’s what I would have told young Martin Wolf 40 years ago at the World Bank on India, had I been his boss

Sir, Martin Wolf covers a lot of terrain in his: “India’s growth is a light in a gloomy world” March 16.

He must surely have more knowledge about India than I so I have nothing to argue against his opinions.

BUT! At one point he writes “Markets for land, labour and capital are all highly distorted” and he also informs us “Forty years ago I worked on the Indian economy for the World Bank.”

Which brings me back to my obsession against the distortions in the allocation of credit produced by the risk-weighted capital requirements for banks, which Wolf so firmly has decided to ignore.

Let me be clear, if I had been Wolf’s boss 40 years ago, and if the banks of the world had then also been suffering the Basel Committee’s risk adverseness, I would have sat him down and firmly told him the following.

Listen young man. We represent the world’s premier development bank and so we know that true risk-taking is the oxygen of any development.

Wolf might have asked “True-risk-taking Sir?”

Yes. I do not refer to those risks that derive from building up excessive and dangerous exposures to what is “safe”… which is what the very low risk weights and resulting lower capital requirements for banks for what is perceived as safe currently does.

I refer to taking much, albeit low exposure risks on the risky, like lending to SMEs and entrepreneurs, something that is currently hindered by the higher risk weights and resulting higher capital requirements for banks for what is perceived as “risky”.

So young Martin, if you really want to help India, tell them to ignore the silly aversion against risk imposed by some developed countries’ bank regulators, who on their own decided they should not dare to climb more. Remind those in India that they cannot afford such nonsense. They owe their people the chance of much risky climbing.

And Sir, don’t ask me what steps I would have taken if young Martin had then ignored me J

PS. Here is the document I presented at the High-level Dialogue on Financing for Developing at the United Nations, New York, October 2007, and titled “Are the bank regulations coming from Basle good for development?” It was also reproduced in The Icfai University Journal of Banking Law Vol. VI No.4, India, October 2008

@PerKurowski ©

Regulators impede many who represent the driving force of capitalism from competing for bank credit in fair terms

Sir I refer to John Thornhill’s interesting discussion of organizations’ internal obstacles to competition and innovation “The path to enlightenment and profit starts inside the office” February 2.

Thornhill states “As the driving force of capitalism, competition gives companies a purpose, a mission and a sense of direction” but unfortunately “The incentive structures of many companies are to minimise risk rather than maximise opportunity. “Innovation is often a young company’s game.”

But let me pick up on that to remind you, for the umpteenth time, of the nasty consequences of current credit-risk-weighted capital requirements for banks. These allow banks to leverage more with exposures to the safe than on exposures to the risky; and so banks are therefore able to earn higher expected risk adjusted returns on equity when lending to the safe than when lending to the risky. And so the current regulatory incentives given to banks are set in order to minimize their exposure to any “risky” assets, rather than to maximize the opportunities that could easier result were banks free to allocate their credit to the real economy without distortions.

Thornhill mentions: “Innovation is often a young company’s game.” Yes and it is precisely “young companies” that usually are perceived as “risky” and are therefore now blocked from competing for access to bank credit in fair terms.

PS. Thornhill also refers to Herman Hesse’s “Knowledge can be communicated. Wisdom cannot.” In 2003, as an Executive Director of the World Bank, and in relation to the financial sector I wrote the following in a formal statement delivered at the Board:

“As the financial sector grows ever more sophisticated, making it less and less transparent and more difficult to understand for ordinary human beings, like EDs, it is of extreme importance that the World Bank remains prudently skeptical and vigilant, and not be carried away by the glamour of sophistication. In this particular sense, we truly believe that the World Bank has a role to play that is much more important than providing knowledge per-se and that is the role of looking on how to supply the wisdom-of-last-resort.”

Unfortunately, even though the World Bank is the world’s premier development bank, it has not yet explained to the world that risk-taking is the oxygen of any development.

@PerKurowski ©

The credit-risk weighted capital requirements for banks should never even have been on the table as an alternative.

Sir, Dominic Rossi writes “Negative real interest rates on bank deposits cannot be the road to prosperity, yet the promise of low nominal returns on traded securities looks risky… It is only by investing in innovation that we can escape this otherwise humdrum nominal world”, “Don’t look for escape routes when the third deflationary wave hits” September 3.

And I just ask: Are current credit-risk weighted capital requirements for banks helpful or not when it comes to allowing fair access to bank credit to finance innovations? Or is it only borrowers with high credit ratings who should be allowed to innovate?

The global deflationary wave that is hitting our economies is very much caused by the retrenchment of bank credit to whatever is perceived as risky, caused by the risk weighted capital requirements being applied to scarcer bank equity.

It is amazing to read how many claiming for less government austerity are simultaneously ignoring or even claiming for more bank credit austerity. 

If we want to get out of this we must realize that since risk taking is the oxygen of any development, we must get rid of that loony risk aversion of regulators that hides behind the risk-weights. God make us daring!

@PerKurowski

We need a free finance sector able to feed proteins to the real economy, not one regulated to only feed it carbs.

Sir, I refer to Tim Harford’s “What’s the diet for growth?” August 22.

Harford states: “research reminds us that we shouldn’t simply bash ‘banking or ‘finance in some generic way, blaming the banks for anything from the weather to the struggles of bees. We need to look at the details of what the financial services industry is doing, and whether financial regulations are protecting society or making things worse… The truth is that we desperately need a strong banking sector.”

Absolutely, but foremost we need a free banking sector able to deliver a balanced diet of credit to the real economy, one that includes proteins.

In an Op-Ed in 1997 I wrote: “If we insist in maintaining a firm defeatist attitude which definitely does not represent a vision of growth for the future, we will most likely end up with the most reserved and solid banking sector in the world, adequately dressed in very conservative business suits, but presiding over the funeral of the economy. I would much prefer the regulators to put some blue jeans on and try to help to get the economy moving.”

And in April 2003, as an Executive Director of the World Bank, in a written statement presented to the Board I pleaded: "Basel dictates norms for the banking industry that might be of extreme importance for the world’s economic development. In Basel’s drive to impose more supervision and reduce vulnerabilities, there is a clear need for an external observer of stature to assure that there is an adequate equilibrium between risk-avoidance and the risk-taking needed to sustain growth. Once again, the World Bank seems to be the only suitable existing organization to assume such a role." 

I said so because I thought that as the world’s premier development, bank the World Bank would know risk-taking is the oxygen of any development. 

Sadly, neither World Bank, nor anyone else, wanted to assume such responsibility and so the world got stuck with portfolio invariant credit-risk weighted capital requirements for banks. That guaranteed the economy is fed a diet of bank credit based almost exclusively on carbs, unable to provide it the nourishment needed for sustainable economic growth. 

And, to top it up, those capital requirements, which are extremely small for what is perceived as safe, also guaranteed too many banks to become too obese to fail.

@PerKurowski

EY, when focusing on tax in developing economies, why ignore the most pernicious development tax, that on risk-taking?

Sir, I refer to EY’s inlay “Tax – Insights for business leaders: With a focus on developing economies” May 21.

Bank regulators, with their Basel Accord of 1988 decided, God knows why, that sovereigns were much safer than the citizens who make them up, and that therefore banks needed to hold much less equity when lending to sovereigns than when ending to citizens, like to SMEs and entrepreneurs.

And that, no matter how you want to bend it or hide it, means that banks, compared to a free market without these regulations, will lend more to sovereigns and less to citizens.

And that, no matter how you want to bend it or hide it, means a regulatory subsidy to sovereigns and a tax on citizens.

And this is an especially pernicious tax in a developing country that copycats those regulations, since risk-taking is the oxygen of any development.

And yet EY blatantly ignore this tax that directly taxes development. Why?

EY should perhaps talk with you Sir.

FT, you know I have sent you more than a thousand of letters on this issue, and though you have been ignoring these the last decade, in November 2004 you did publish a letter in which I wrote: “We also wonder in how many Basel propositions it will take before they start realizing the damage they are doing by favoring so much bank lending to the public sector. In some developing countries, access to credit for the private sector is all but gone, and the banks are up to the hilt in public credits.”

@PerKurowski

The World Bank’s bias against banks taking risks hurts the poor they want to help.

Sir, I refer to Michael Holman’s “The World Bank fails to credit the intelligence of the world’s poor” January 27.

It discusses the results of a very much commendable study carried out by the World Bank, when trying to establish how the bias of its professionals’ might influence the assistance it provides.

Holman concludes: “The consequences of bias are profound. The poorest in the world may be doubly burdened. Not only do they fight a daily battle against poverty. They may well have to cope with policies of well-meaning aid donors that owe more to the bias of those who frame them, than to the knowledge of those who are supposed to benefit from them.”

Indeed, that happens. As an Executive Director of the World Bank 2002-2004, and also from all what I later read in many of its reports, I concluded that one of the most dangerous biases of the World Bank, is its bias towards risk aversion. That is reflected primarily by its inability to criticize those Basel Committee bank regulations that are based on credit-risk-weighted equity requirements.

It is truly ironically that the world’s premier development bank, which should be the first to understand that risk-taking is the oxygen of any development, keeps mum on regulations which allow banks to earn much higher risk adjusted returns on equity when financing what is perceived as safe, mostly the history, than what is perceived as “risky”, mostly the future.

That is mindboggling sad. Of course banks need to take risks, like lending to small businesses and entrepreneurs. You must allow the animal-spirit resources to work with. And that is why the society must lend some support to bank depositors, for when the risk-taken by a bank might become excessive.

To support banks instructed to avoid risks as much as possible, seems to me an exercise in futility that should have a chance to enter the Guinness book of records. 

PS. As an example, in April 2003, when discussing the World Bank’s Strategic Framework 2004-2006 at the Executive Board, I urged: “Basel dictates norms for the banking industry that might be of extreme importance for the world’s economic development. In Basel’s drive to impose more supervision and reduce vulnerabilities, there is a clear need for an external observer of stature to assure that there is an adequate equilibrium between risk-avoidance and the risk-taking needed to sustain growth. Once again, the World Bank seems to be the only suitable existing organization to assume such a role."

Any recklessness of bankers is by far surpassed by that of their current regulators.

Sir, Brooke Masters writes: “Reckless bankers caused the financial crisis by running their businesses without a care for the long term consequences”, “Bankers will fail to win back trust with tragedy analogies” December 13.

That is reckless reporting.

Regulators, by allowing banks to leverage 50 times and more their equity with assets perceived as “absolutely safe”, while at the same time ordering a much lower leverage for assets perceived as “risky”, caused the crisis and, by not acknowledging their mistake, and thereby hindering bank credit from flowing to where it can be most productive, keeps us submerged into it.

That was indeed reckless behavior, and bank regulators did it by not caring one iota about any long-term consequences… as can easily be evidenced by the fact that they have not even defined what the purpose of our banking system is.

“I can’t breathe!” If with respect to finance somebody has the right to utter that, that is the real economy… for which risk-taking is oxygen.

Sir, I protest FT for also failing to indict bank regulators, for causing our economies to stall and fall. (Is it that you automatically must side with the police?)