What the world needs is to introduce true diversity in its financial architecture.

Sir, I refer to “The world needs a new fin­an­cial archi­tec­ture” by Michael Krake, the exec­ut­ive dir­ector for Ger­many at the World Bank.

What if, keeping the UN, World Bank and IMF, we instead reform these institutions? As is, these are managed and governed by bureaucracy autocracies. 

November 2004, at the end of my short two-year term as an executive director in the World Bank, FT published a letter in which I wrote: “Our bank supervisors in Basel are unwittingly controlling the capital flows in the world. How many Basel propositions will it take before they start realizing the damage they are doing by favoring so much bank lending to the public sector (sovereigns)? In some developing countries, access to credit for the private sector is all but gone, and the banks are up to the hilt in public credits.”

I had often expressed this at the World Bank Board but, those colleagues who understood what I referred to, and nodded in agreement, could do nothing. How could they, they were nominated by governments and most expected, and needed, to return to the government. What did not exist was real diversity. Not diversity based on gender or race, but diversity based on interests, life experiences and needs. 

Then I often suggested substituting some on the current executive directors with e.g., a plumber or a nurse; or at least to give a place at the board to that migrant community that, by means of its remittances, provided development countries with much more financial assistance than the multilateral financial entities could ever dream to do.

Now 2024, if I had the blessing to again be at that board of directors, I would drive my fellow directors to despair by, over and over again mentioning: “Give me ten seconds, I want to see what my friend ChatGPT opines on this.”

Would, “Without Fear and Without Favour” FT, be willing to publish a letter on what ChatGPT thinks?

http://voiceandnoise.blogspot.com/2006/05/world-bank-needs-to-go-truly-global.html

http://subprimeregulations.blogspot.com/2004/11/some-of-my-early-public-opinions-on.html

@PerKurowski 

Even after the crisis there has been no change in who are represented when deciding on bank regulations.

Sir, Sarah O’Connor writes: “If we want groups to make fair decisions, our best shot is to make the groups representative of the people who are subject to those decisions.” Hear hear!, “Diversity coaching from the Olympic dressage event” August 22.

In the matter of bank regulations, where were all those who perceived as risky by the banks, like entrepreneurs, suffered the Mark Twain realities of bankers lending you the umbrella when the sun shines and wanting it back if it looks like it could rain?

Had they been present perhaps regulators would have understood the concept of conditional probabilities, and therefore had realized that assets perceived by bankers as risky become safer, not riskier; while assets perceived by bankers as safe become riskier, not safer.

Can you imagine how much tears, sufferings and lost opportunities that would have saved the world, primarily our young?

The saddest part of the story is that even after the crisis should have evidenced to all the regulators had no idea of what they were doing, there has been no changes at all in who are being represented when analysis and decisions are taken, so they still keep seeing and considering the risks in the same or quite similar way, the bankers are perceiving the risks. 

How good it would have in the Basel Committee some representation of the young who know that risk taking is the oxygen for the development they need, and that the older do not have the right to “safely” extract all equity from the current economies.

@PerKurowski

What if there had been a plumber and a nurse in the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision? Would the 2007-08 crisis have happened?

Sir, I refer to Andy Haldane’s “Diversity versus merit is a false trade-off for recruiters” July 23.

After just a couple of months as an Executive Director of the World Bank, I told my colleagues that since most of us seemed to have quite similar backgrounds (although I came from the private sector), if by lottery we dismissed two of us, and instead appointed a plumber and a nurse, we would have a better and much wiser Board. That of course as long as the plumber and the nurse had sufficient character to opine and ask, and not be silenced by any technocratic mumbo jumbo. 

For example what if when the Basel Committee for Basel II in 2004 set their standardized risk weights for the AAA rated at 20% and for the below BB- at 150%, a plumber or a nurse had been present to ask the following three questions:

1. Has that credit risk not already been very much considered by the banker when deciding on the size of their exposures and the risk premiums they need to charge?

2. My daddy always told me of that banker that lends you the umbrella when the sun shines and wants it back when it looks like it might rain, so is it not so that what is perceived as safe is what could create those really large exposures that could turn out really dangerous if at the end that safe ends up being risky?

3. And is credit risk all there is about banking? What if that below BB- rated has a plan on what to do with a credit that could mean a lot for the world, if it by chance turns out right? Are you with these risk weights also not sort of implying that the AAA rated is more worthy of credit?"

Those very simple questions could have changed the course of history as the banks would not have ended up with some especially large exposures to what was perceived (houses) decreed (sovereigns) or concocted (AAA rated securities) as safe, against especially little capital (equity), dooming the world to an especially serious crisis.

Sir, how do we get some nurses and plumbers, meaning real diversification, not just gender or race diversification, into the Bank of England and the Basel Committee? These mutual admiration club types of institutions, with their groupthink séances, urgently need it 

https://teawithft.blogspot.com/2004/11/basel-is-just-mutual-admiration-club.html

https://subprimeregulations.blogspot.com/2018/05/if-only-these-four-simple-questions-had.html

@PerKurowski

If you want real profound gender diversity at company boards, think of nominating housemothers

Sir, Daniel Thomas discusses the issue of having more women on corporate boards “Shareholders can do more to bring about boardroom diversity”, June 2.

More than a decade ago, as an Executive Director at the World Bank, I told my colleagues “We all have, more or less, quite similar backgrounds. If we were by means of a lottery substitute a plumber and a nurse, for two of us directors at the board, I am sure we would have a much wiser board”. I do not remember what my colleagues replied… or if they did.

Now, hearing the currently so frequent demand for more gender diversification, I feel the same. Having women educated similarly to the men they are to substitute for, brings much less diversity into the boardroom than what could be expected. 

If you want deeper meaning gender diversification, then invite housemothers to work some hours as board directors. The challenges mothers have to confront in their daily routines are way often much harder and much different from those that their then men board colleagues face.

Also, as an economist, to guarantee more gender income equality, start by arguing for parents, most usually women, to be remunerated for their socially so important work of taking care of their children or elderly. Unfortunately housemothers, just as the unemployed, do not have unions to take care of their interests. 

@PerKurowski

Why would someone look in the drawer for the whole set of cutlery he wants, if he only purchases spoons?

Sir, Tim Harford discusses the need for diversity and the difficulties of ascertaining the right one. “Looking for a knife in a drawer full of spoons” September 9.

As one who had never worked in the public sector, but got still dropped on the World Bank as an Executive Director, I found there numerous occasions to scream out for more diversity.

For instance, when the search for a new Chief Economist for the World Bank was announced, we were told that although it was obviously quite a delicate task, it should not take too long, as the search had to be carried out within “quite a small and exclusive community of development economists.”

Naturally, most of my arguments, like when trying to explain to my fellow board directors that substituting, with a plumber or a nurse, two of us directors selected by lottery, would make us a wiser board, fell on deaf ears not a iota interested in rocking the comfort of sameness.

How could we get more diversity? Perhaps by requiring some boards to document why they think they are sufficiently diversified. Of course that does not mean accepting as an explanation, the existence of a racially and gender diversified group in which all members have pursued the same academic degrees and the same type of jobs.

Of course where we most need diversity is among our bank regulators. The fact they can live with 20% risk weights for that which could generate dangerous excessive exposures, like to the AAA rated, and one of 150% for what is turned so innocuous by being rated below BB-, only evidences the existence of a mutual admiration club with members engaged in very incestuous group-thinking.

Sir, isn’t it ironic that those regulators supposed to make our banks safe, are especially endangering our bank system?

@PerKurowski

Tim Harford, lack of the limited diversity is bad, but much worse is groupthink within mutual admiration clubs.

Sir, Tim Hartford argues that one argument in favor of diversity is “to engage with people who may see the world differently because of their race, nationality, sexuality, disability or gender.” “Economics: a discipline in need of diversity” November 12.

That is a way too restricted view on the importance of diversity. As an Executive Director of the World Bank, back in 2002-04, I often argued with my colleagues that if by lottery we would get rid of two us with so much alike backgrounds, substituting the eliminated with a nurse and a plumber, we would not only have a more knowledgeable Board but, more importantly, a much wiser one. Not surprisingly there was a general lack of enthusiasm in the response to this line of argument.

Likewise, if bank regulators had beside those with banking experience included some with borrowing experience within their ranks, those who could attest to the difficulties they already faced accessing bank credit when perceived as risky (even if all these were white men) we would never have had to suffer the sheer idiocy of the current risk weighted capital requirements for banks.

Sir, so to stuff mutual admiration clubs that can easily fall trap to groupthink with those who meet the current limited meanings of diversity, will result in much less than what is really needed.

@PerKurowski

Rules that make all banks behave the same can pose greater systemic risks than all SIFIs put together.

Sir, I refer to Brooke Masters article on “systemically important financial institution whose failure could destabilise the economy” “MetLife’s court win means US regulators should redraft rules” Saturday 2.

Before regulating or redrafting anything, regulators should at least come to understand that their own rules might be the source of the most dangerous systemic risks.

In 2001, in an OpEd I wrote the following onbank regulations:

“The regulatory risk: Before there were many countries and many ways of how to regulate banks. Today, with Basel proudly issuing rules that should apply worldwide, the effects of any mistake could be truly explosive. 

Excessive similarity: Encouraging banks to adopt common rules and standards, is to ignore the differences between economies, so some countries end up with inadequate banking systems not tailored to their needs. Certainly, regulations whose main objective appears to be only to preserve bank capital, conflict directly with other banking functions, such as promoting economic growth, and democratize access to capital. 

Low diversity of criteria: A smaller number of participants, less diversity of opinion and, with it, increased risk of misconceptions prevailing. Whoever doubts that, should read the dimensional analysis that ratings agencies publish. 

Backlash: The development of decision-making processes has benefits but also risks. Thus we see that the speed of information itself, which promotes quick and immediate response, can exacerbate problems. Before, those who took the problem home to study it, and those who simply found out late, provided the market a damper, which often might have saved it from hurried and ill-conceived reactions.”

And already in 1999 in another OpEd I had written: “The possible Big Bang that scares me the most is the one that could happen the day those genius bank regulators in Basel, playing Gods, manage to introduce a systemic error in the financial system, which will cause its collapse”

And then Basel II’s 20 percent risk weight for AAA rated securities, caused the financial crisis 2007-08; while Basel I’s zero riskweight assigned to sovereigns, doomed sovereigns like Greece.

Of course there is a need to think about the systemic risk of SIFIs, but even more important, is looking to minimize the systemic risks of bank regulations… or at least to recognize their existence.

A million of individual small banks can easily be turned into a very dangerous Systemic Overall Important Banking System, by just some rules drafted by some members of that mutual admiration club known as the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision.

@PerKurowski ©

The Basel Committee for Tropical Forest Supervision fumigates “risky” creatures and thereby kills its biodiversity.

Sir, Lawrence Summers discusses “the challenges currently facing macroeconomic policymakers in the US and the rest of the industrial world”. He expresses concern that policies could be behind the curve and believes central bankers’ communicate “a sense that there was relatively little left that they can do to strengthen growth or even to raise inflation” “A world stumped by stubbornly low inflation” March 7.

Oh no! There is much to do. Urgently!

Rain forests provide ecosystem services that play an important role in maintaining biological diversity, global climate regulation, disease control, pollination and much more.

What would we opine about forest guardians eradicating scrub-itch mites, ticks, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, wasps, hairy caterpillars, leeches, snakes, stinging tree, lawyer vine and other of the natural habitat, only on account that these are dangerous creatures?

Well that is exactly what bank regulators, central banks, have been doing to our real economies. With their credit risk weighted capital requirements for banks, they fight the SMEs and entrepreneurs only on account these are risky from a credit point of view.

And they are so fanatical that they do not warn bankers about hidden unexpected ex post dangers, they act even when bankers ex ante perceive the scorpions they know they should expect to be dangerous.

And of course our real economies, lacking more and more in diversity, stop to function as they should. 

And so we must urgently get rid of the current dumb bunch of forest guardians who, when trying to save banks from “The Risky”, are dangerously fumigating our real economies. The fact that even the central bankers communicate there is little they can do, is just another clear sign it is hight time for that.

@PerKurowski ©

Mifid 2 could be creating dangerous risks promoting Systemic Important Research Institutions

Sir I refer to Laura Noonan’s “Deadline looms for banks to get their research arms in order” November 17.

We read “European rules, known as Mifid 2, will reshape the way analysts report on companies and how the research can be priced and circulated to investors… going from quantity to quality… banks to become more selective in the sectors they deal within an environment where clients will no longer support the 60-70 research teams that cover each major European industry… number of analysts publishing Emea research for the 12 top banks fell 17 per cent from 2007 to 2014.”

What are these busybody regulators doing? Don’t they understand what systemic risk is all about? And now they are pushing for Systemic Important Research Institutions, SIRIs.

Don’t they understand that going from quantity to quality often just entails going from the open market into even less transparent small mutual admiration clubs? Did they not learn about the systemic risks of giving information power to few like when they gave it to the credit rating agencies?

Quality? Quality is a result of the diversity that includes many “un-qualified” players but who could suddenly bring forward fresh perspectives, or be making those insolent questions required for having a chance at sustainable quality.

Did they not do enough damage to financial research when they subordinated the importance for banks of getting the risk premiums right, to getting the equity required low?

The more I read about what arrogant and hubristic regulators are up to, the more I feel we have to put faith in shadow organizations to be able to help our grandchildren to a livable future.

@PerKurowski ©

If only we had truly disconnected silos the current crisis would not have happened

Sir, Gillian Tett writes: “Eight long years ago the top managers of western banks learnt the hard way just how damaging fragmentation can be; most notably, banks such as UBS suffered big losses in the financial crisis because they were divided into so many silos that it was impossible for top managers to get an overview of risks.” “Some new hires for a more connected Deutsche Bank”, October 30.

I am not specifically referring to Deutsche Bank but “No! Dear Ms. Tett No!”. The silos were not fragmented… they were very connected, by means of bank regulations, specifically by means of the portfolio invariant credit risk only based capital requirements for banks. Had the silos really been disconnected, we would not have had the systemic crisis, “eight long years ago”.

And that’s is why in 1999 I wrote in an Op-Ed “the possible Big Bang that scares me the most is the one that could happen the day those genius bank regulators in Basel, playing Gods, manage to introduce a systemic error in the financial system, which will cause its collapse”

And that is why, in 2003 as an Executive Director of the World Bank, I formally stated: "A mixture of thousand solutions, many of them inadequate, may lead to a flexible world that can bend with the storms. A world obsessed with Best Practices may calcify its structure and break with any small wind.”

Sir, the problem with Gillian Tett, and many others, is that they are captured in their own non-fragmented silo… and of course, so am I too... only that my silo is a bit wider J

@PerKurowski ©

The Basel Committee’s dangerous, risk adverse and failed bank regulations illuminates brightly a World Bank's mission.

Sir, Alan Beattie writes” The World Bank’s policy experience makes it a natural source of ideas for growth and development, but its expertise is being underused… Ramping up one more source of infrastructure finance for emerging markets is a lesser priority than solving the developing world’s longer-term problems. The bank needs more money less than it needs a new mission.” That is correct ,but then Beattie titles it:  “The World Bank lacks the tools to enrich humanity” October 15.

No! The World Bank, as the world’s premier development bank, has the tools to enrich humanity, but it must be willing to use these… and not be silenced by being required to harmonize with other institutions, like the IMF, and that have completely different missions. The Basel Committee’s dangerous, risk adverse and failed bank regulations illuminates brightly a World Bank mission. 

Allow me to shamelessly quote myself. The following is part of what, as an Executive Director of the World Bank, in 2003, I formally stated with respect to Basel II, those bank regulations which would later be approved in June 2004. 

“The whole regulatory framework coming out of the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision, might possibly put a lid on development finance, as a result of being more biased in favor of safety of deposits as compared to the need for growth.

The financial sector’s role, the reason why it is granted a license to operate, is to assist society in promoting economic growth by stimulating savings, efficiently allocating financial resources satisfying credit needs and creating opportunities for wealth distribution. Similarly, the role of the assessor –in this case, the Bank– is to fight poverty, and development is a task where risks need to be taken.

From this perspective we have the impression that the Financial Assessment Program Report might revolve too much around issues such as risk avoidance, vulnerabilities, stress tests and compliance with international regulations, without referring sufficiently to how the sector is performing its social commitments…. In this respect let us not forget that the other side of the Basel coin might be many, many developing opportunities in credit foregone.

We all know that risk aversion comes at a cost - a cost that might be acceptable for developed and industrialized countries but that might be too high for poor and developing ones… There is an adequate equilibrium between risk-avoidance and the risk-taking needed to sustain growth. The World Bank seems to be the only suitable existing organization to assume such a role.

Ages ago, when information was less available and moved at a slower pace, the market consisted of a myriad of individual agents acting on limited information basis. Nowadays, when information is just too voluminous and fast to handle, market or authorities have decided to delegate the evaluation of it into the hands of much fewer players such as the credit rating agencies. This will, almost by definition, introduce systemic risks in the market and we are already able to discern some of the victims, although they are just the tip of an iceberg. Perhaps only the World Bank has the sufficient world standing to act in this issue. 

Basel is getting to be a big rulebook”—this said by the World Bank. And, to tell you the truth, the sole chance the world has of avoiding the risk that Bank Regulators in Basel, accounting standard boards, and credit-rating agencies, introduce serious and fatal systemic risks into the world, is by having an entity like the World Bank stand up to them—instead of rather fatalistically accepting their dictates and duly harmonizing with the International Monetary Fund.

Basel is getting to be a big rulebook—this said by the World Bank…. As the financial sector grows ever more sophisticated, making it less and less transparent and more difficult to understand for ordinary human beings, like us EDs, it is of extreme importance that the World Bank remains prudently skeptical and vigilant, and not be carried away by the glamour of sophistication. In this particular sense, we truly believe that the World Bank has a role to play that is much more important than providing knowledge per-se and that is the role of looking on how to supply the wisdom-of-last-resort.

A mixture of thousand solutions, many of them inadequate, may lead to a flexible world that can bend with the storms. A world obsessed with Best Practices may calcify its structure and break with any small wind. Who could really defend the value of diversity, if not The World Bank?"

All of the above was extracted from my comments on the World Bank’s Global Development Finance 2003, the Financial Sector Assessment Program 2003 and the World Bank’s Strategic Framework 2004-06

Sir, in light of the financial crisis that has now hit the developed world I ask, does not what I wrote in 2003 contain much of what, besides its ordinary lending business, should be the World Bank’s mission… and not only for the developing countries? 

Sir, development is a continuous process, if we stop we stall and fall. God make us daring!

PS. For anyone interested here my comments on bank regulations during a Risk-Management workshop at the World Bank in 2003. 

@PerKurowski ©

Universities, allow imperfect and perhaps even inadequate minds, to have a voice in your classrooms. That's diversity!

My daughter, an art fanatic, on hearing my explanation about the monstrous mistake of credit-risk weighted capital requirements for banks, pointed me to “The forger’s spell”, a book by Edward Dolnick about the falsification of Vermeer paintings. Was she right!

In it Dolnick makes a reference to Francis Fukuyama having heard Daniel Moynihan opining: “There are some mistakes it takes a Ph.D. to make”. And Dolnick also speculates that perhaps Fukuyama had in mind George Orwell’s comment, in “Notes on Nationalism”, that of: “one has to belong to the intelligentsia to believe things like that: no ordinary man could be such a fool.” 

That is why when now Della Bradshaw reports about “a growing recognition that the world’s intractable problems need business solutions means MBA directors are searching for students with a more diverse background to fill their classrooms” I say: “Way to Go!” “More variety is the spice of classroom life” October 5.

Of course we must inject some confident ordinary minds in the classes in order for these to pose the questions that must be made. My impression is that experts never really try sufficiently to convince other experts of why they are right and others wrong, but they do their utmost when it comes to convincing the non-experts that they are the best experts.

Oh if I only had been in those classes where the minds of sophisticated future bank regulators were trying to estimate unexpected losses in the same direction as those expected losses derived from perceived risks.

My ordinary mind would not have been able to hear such foolishness and keep silence. Don’t you know that out there, in the real world, what is really risky is that what we can wrongly perceive as absolutely safe? I have never heard of a substantial number of persons dying because of bungee jumping. Have you?

As an Executive Director in the World Bank I once stated: "A mixture of thousand solutions, many of them inadequate, may lead to a flexible world that can bend with the storms. A world obsessed with Best Practices may calcify its structure and break with any small wind.” So, universities, please allow for imperfect and even inadequate minds, to also have a voice in your classrooms.

That said, be careful though with what the calls for diversity really means. It could be modern Giuseppe di Lampedusa types wanting to diversify only in order to remain the same.

@PerKurowski ©

Globally concentrating on the knowledge of the knowledgeable, renouncing to knowledge diversity, represents a huge systemic risk.

Sir, I refer to Gillian Tett “Chess in cyberspace: a smart move?” July 26. I am not a chess player, and I have not really been impacted by Fischer and Spassky playing chess on TV, or by “Deep Blue” beating Kasparov... and so I might be out on a limb here.

I agree with Tett that it is sad that globalization of competition has dramatically reduced the possibilities like singing Queen’s “We are the Champions” with true emotion, as clearly “We are the local champions” does not have the same ring to it.

But, it is when Gillian Tett describes how “parents are tapping the most brilliant brains in places such as India, Bulgaria or Moscow, to deliver online tutorials for their offspring via Skype”, that I get most concerned, because it is another example of a global concentration on the knowledge of the knowledgeable, which could in the end lead us to miss out on some really important knowledge diversity.

And frankly let us look at what has happened in the area of bank regulations since someone (not me), decided we should concentrate the most brilliant regulatory brains in the Basel Committee, and these most brilliant brains with too much hubris decided they could act as risk managers for the world, and on top of that decided to delegate much of that role into some few brilliant brains of some few credit rating agencies. As had to be expected, catastrophe ensued!

And now our banks are becoming riskier by the day, as their balances become more packed up with fewer and fewer assets deemed as absolutely safe, and without them being allowed the benefits of diversifying among the risky.

A decade ago, I told my colleague Executive Directors at the World Bank that if, by lottery, they would substitute for one of us with a plumber or a registered nurse, also picked by lottery we would be a much wiser Board. Of course that, in a mutual admiration club, was not too well received… but I still hold it to be true… even to become truer by the day.

When restructuring the World Bank you might want to start even higher than its presidency.

Sir, I refer to your editorial “Restructuring hell at the World Bank”, April 10.

You end it stating “If there is a silver lining to the bank’s turmoil, it is this: the Bretton Woods Institutions belong to the world. From now on, they must be headed by the best people available”

Not so fast! When presenting my book Voice and Noise, May 2006, in which I reflected on my experiences as an Executive Director of the World Bank, 2002-2004 this is what I said:

“Although we proudly name ourselves the World Bank, the fact is that we are more of a “Pieces of the World Bank”, with 24 Executive Director representing parochial interests. As a consequence I sadly had to conclude in that the World itself, call it Mother earth if you want, in these times of globalization, is in fact the Bank’s most underrepresented constituency.

This needs to be fixed, urgently, as we need to be able to stimulate a profoundly shared ownership for the long-term needs of our planet; that is if we want to survive as a truly civilized society worthy of the term civilization. As I see it, adding a couple of truly independent seven-year-term Executive Directors, whose role would be to think about the world of our grandchildren, way beyond the 2015 of the Millennium Development Goals—could be what the World Bank most needs now.”

And Sir, I still stand by that. 

The way the World Bank’s Executive Directors are nominated by ministries, does not guarantee the existence of sufficient intellectual and independent diversity at the Board. And that is the number one condition that needs to be satisfied in order for any international finance institution, to become something more than a well intended mutual admiration club, run by an also well intended management in natural pursuit of their own and perhaps even more parochial objectives.

PS. I have been asked by a representative of the civil society, whatever that now means, to add some additional straight to the point explanations of what I mean, and so here it is:

1. I guarantee that if one Joe the Plumber or one Nancy the Nurse, selected through lottery from 25 plumbers or 25 nurses, substituted for one of the 25 current executive directors, chosen also by lottery, we would have a 75% chance of ending up with a more commonsense and wise Board of Executive Directors at the World Bank, and less than a 1% chance to end up with something meaningfully worse.

2. If the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (or perhaps the IMF) had counted with one biologist or an expert in the contagion of diseases, they would never ever have introduced something as dumb as the risk-weighted capital requirements for banks which, besides distorting the allocation of bank credit, amplify dramatically the consequences of any insufficient or any excessive ex ante perception of risk. And the world would have been saved from the current crisis. The ongoing intellectual incest is so bad that even 7 years after the outburst of the crisis they still do not realize what they have done.”

3. With reference to William Easterly’s 'The tyranny of experts', the real nightmare is to be in the hands of a group of similar experts on the same subject.

4. One of the best ways to control for the dangers of group-think, is to subject the group to the authority of some who is guaranteed not to belong to the group, and has no reason for wanting to belong to the group.

PS. Whenever you click on to social media, say this little prayer: “Please God, save me from becoming a victim of intellectual incest”

Is this a bad joke?

Sir, Shahien Nasiripour reports “Regulators hindered by diversity of data”, March 20.

Given that regulators substituted the opinions of three credit agencies for the millions of opinions in the market, it is even hard to understand why they are out looking for data diversity.

Is this a joke?

Sir, Shahien Nasiripour reports “Regulators hindered by diversity of data”, March 20. 

Given that regulators substituted the opinions of three credit agencies for the millions of opinions in the market it is even hard to understand why they are out looking for data diversity.

Last miles and gene pools should be considered when discussing manufacturing jobs.

Sir, John Kay writes about “Our fetish for making things fails to understand ‘realwork’” November 14. Of course, services is as real as any manufacturing job, but, as an economist, I still want to see some solid real assembly line manufacturing jobs close to me, for two reasons: 

First, the just in case; I do not want the last mile for delivering me ploughs, cloth, guns and batteries, to have to go over enemy land. 

Second, manufacturing is part of the biodiversity of a strong economy, and so I would like to keep some good solid real jobs for manufacturing workers, just like you would like to keep some heavy horses, “the Suffolk, the Clydesdale and the Percheron vie”, for your nations’ diversified gene pool reserve. 

Does that make me a manufacturing fetishist? I do not think so. The fact that I can get all on the web, does not mean I can get it all when the web is out.

There is more to be gained from a debate, even while speaking different tongues

Sir Jennifer Hughes does a very good and spirited defence for accountancy global unification in her “More to be gained from talking in the same tongue”, September 27 but although she is absolutely right in all what she says she is still wrong.

One of the reasons, or perhaps the only reasons why some of us feel happy about having US GAAP and IFRS living side by side is because that helps to sustain a debate among their respective Standard Boards on matters fraught with such intrinsic difficulties as accountancy. No, let us please hope that we will never have to face one solid cohesive block of standards since who knows what they could contain and there would be no one with sufficient strength to oppose it. For a living example of how much we lose out in benefits from diversity let us just consider all the risks that are beginning to surface as a consequence of having relegated so much of the world’s regulatory power over banks to a single single-minded group in Basel.