Redistribution profiteers have a vested interest in us ignoring the wealthy already redistribute their purchase capacity.

Sir, Tim Harford writes “One academic paper produced by Emmanuel Saez (a star in the study of inequality) and Peter Diamond (a Nobel laureate and colleague of Mirrlees) estimated that the combined rate of tax on the income of high earners could be 73 per cent in the US without proving counter-productive…[for that they] assume that a dollar is 25 times more valuable to a person on about $50,000 a year than to a person on $500,000.” “The super-rich are an easy target for tax rises” February 2.

Indeed, and that‘s why those with much higher income sometimes buy shoes that are 25 times more expensive than those earning much less. But, where does that type of analysis take us? Should jobs producing expensive manually produced shoes be prohibited? Should we have dollars with sensors that measure the value we assign to them? 

The problem with all the “resolve poverty and inequality by taxing the wealthy” is that it ignores the fact that all the purchase power that the income of the wealthy contains, is immediately returned to the real economy when purchasing assets and services. 

In this sense those prescribing higher taxes on wealth are, at the end of the day just arguing, they are better redistributors than the wealthy. Are they? Perhaps yes, perhaps no. In Venezuela those redistributing wealth have clearly done so in order to get their hands on the wealth. In Venezuela we have a saying that goes “The one who cuts the cake in order to distribute the cake, keeps the best part of the cake.

PS. Thomas Piketty should visit the Museum of Louvre in his Paris, and make a checklist of how much would not have existed there, had it not been for some “filthy rich”

@PerKurowski

An all out war against inequality would be extremely harmful to us all.

Sir, Tim O’Reilly writes: “Clayton Christensen’s, “law of conservation of attractive profits” holds that once one thing becomes commoditised, something else becomes valuable.” And that “Hal Varian, Google’s chief economist, noted that ‘if you want to understand the future, just look at what rich people do today’. “People power, not robots, will overcome our challenges” October 20.

But I ask, does that not require a strong supply of rich and unequally wealthy, in order to power that demand for the new, that which majorities never generate? And, if so, does that not put a dent on the argument of: “the fundamental question of our economy today is not how to incentivise productivity, but how to distribute its benefits”?

Sir from this perspective the current all out war against inequality could be extremely harmful for all. For instance, as I have, unanswered, often tweeted to Mr. Thomas Piketty “Visit the Museum of Louvre in your Paris and try to figure out how much of it would have existed, had it not been for extreme inequality.”

And O’Reilly, as a source of jobs refers to that “there is the looming spectre of climate change”. Indeed but who is going to pay for the fight against it? If government takes on debts to fight climate change, who will volunteer to repay those debts tomorrow, whether we are successful or not? No one!

That is why I have argued so much in favor of creating a whole new generation of social incentives, which could help get the world to work in the same direction on at least some important issues.

For instance, if there was a huge carbon tax, which revenues did not go to the redistribution profiteers but were shared out equally among all citizens, then we could link up the fight against climate change with the fight against inequality, without affecting the remaining societal incentive structure… that which helps to create the inequality we need.

PS. And please never forget, just in case there will not be enough jobs tomorrow, to think about how we can create decent and worthy unemployments.

@PerKurowski

Museum of Louvre should invite French to celebrate their Monument to Inequality, and tourists to take selfies

Sir, Jo Ellison writes: In January, Jean-Luc Martinez, head of the Louvre, reported a decline of about 2m visitors to the glass pyramid on the Rue de Rivoli, and a loss in revenues of €9.7m. He blamed the attacks as being key… The hotel sector has seen a simple decline: many have reported occupancy rates plummeting by up to 40 per cent. “A night at the museum: Louis Vuitton goes to the Louvre, as Nicolas Ghesquière’s AW17 collection celebrates ‘brand Paris’” March 9.

I sat down with my daughter Alexandra, an art consultant with a M.A. from Christie's Education in Modern and Contemporary Art and the Market, to discuss Louvre’s really horrific decline in visitors. We came to the following (quite preliminary) conclusions.

First that it might be Louvre have catered too much to the tourist and in the process forgotten their nationals. There I suggested an invitation to Thomas Piketty and all his fellow countrymen to come and celebrate more often that great Monument to Inequality that The Museum of Louvre represents. (I am not entirely sure Alexandra was 100% with me on that one… perhaps only 99%  J  )

Also, since the drop in hotel occupancy rates might have also to do with competition from Airbnb, it could result in tourists not feeling as tourists as usual and therefore not behaving as much as tourists, meaning among other, going less to museums. In order to combat this perhaps the Louvre must launch a campaign declaring anyone who has not taken a selfie at the Louvre as not really having been in Paris.

The origins of the selfie is to be found at Louvre

@PerKurowski

Is not graduation time a bit late to inform students: “There is more to university than money”?

Sir, Nancy Rothwell, the president and vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester, writes: “Each year I tell graduating students that if they leave university with only a degree and greater “earning power”, I consider we have failed them. A university experience should be about so much more than this.” “There is more to university than money” April 16.

Absolutely! But is not graduating time a bit late to disclose that? How much debt would students dare to take on in order to pay the tuition fees, if the request of admission papers contained a: “Warning, universities are more than about making money”.

By the way, has there recently been some academic research on the evolution of the remuneration of professors? These Piketty days, it would be interesting to see how that has evolved.

In 2007 I argued that higher education should be more of a joint venture between professors and students. Of course I did not mean all the professors’ salaries were to be based on the earning powers of students. As I said, I fully agree that universities are much more than that, but, some better alignment of incentives, seems to be much called for.

It would seem that just like easy house financing translates into higher house prices, easier education financing just translates into higher tuition fees. But, I may be wrong, so as I said research is needed… any papers coming up on this?

PS. Someone commented. "There must be a little sadism involved here, since graduation time is precisely when students most begin to think of money."

@PerKurowski ©

With respect to inequality it behooves us all to stop demagogues from opening appetites that cannot be satisfied

Sir, Tim Harford adds valuable elements to Piketty’s r>g inequality discussions, those that have so many redistribution profiteers drooling in anticipation. “Capital ideas in a time of inequality” March 19.

To Harford’s initial discussions on rates of returns we must keep in mind that the ownership of the capital measured, might be constantly changing. And it is very hard to statistically reflect the continuity value after discontinuities like wars, and other potential wipeouts and resets. And the effect of the survivorships bias on returns, though very hard to measure, might be huge over time.

When it comes to this issue of growing inequality, which is serious indeed, I have always been more for analyzing what could be distorting the allocation of wealth, and in how we can open up opportunities for all to participate in its creation.

And since from the evidence it seems we do need a pro-equality tax on wealth, it is also important to make certain that the redistribution is done in a cost effective way. In my country, Venezuela, I always propose that our net oil revenue should be shared out to all citizens, instead of being concentrated in some political besserwissers’ hands. In this respect it is with a lot of enthusiasm I now follow the idea of universal basic income being studied in Finland and lately in Canada.

But, in all this debate, instead of referring to measured balance sheet wealth, should we not better always think in terms of realizable and transferable wealth? For instance, what about all that wealth stored in art hanging on private, or stored away in the cellars of public museums? If we want to transfer part of that value to the poorer in any significant way, how do we proceed? I mean this is very important, because to open up appetites, ignoring these cannot be satisfied, is precisely what dangerous demagogues do.

Friends, if we had managed to keep the profiteers out of the redistribution, would not the current inequalities be lower? Should not redistributing income and wealth max cost 2 percent?

@PerKurowski ©

You want faster growth? You want more widely shared growth? Then get rid of current bank regulators.

Sir, Martin Wolf writes: “This is the time to develop ideas on how to achieve the party’s priorities of faster, more widely shared growth” “Two cheers for Corbyn’s challenges to economic convention” October 2.

You want faster growth? Then take away the odious regulatory discriminations against the risky and let the SMEs and entrepreneurs, the tough we need to get going when the going gets tough, have fair access to bank credit.

I quote from John Kenneth Galbraith’s “Money: Whence it came where it went” 1975.

“For the new parts of the country [USA’s West]… there was the right to create banks at will and therewith the notes and deposits that resulted from their loans…[if] the bank failed…someone was left holding the worthless notes… but some borrowers from this bank were now in business...[jobs created]

It was an arrangement which reputable bankers and merchants in the East viewed with extreme distaste… Men of economic wisdom, then as later expressing the views of the reputable business community, spoke of the anarchy of unstable banking… The men of wisdom missed the point. The anarchy served the frontier far better than a more orderly system that kept a tight hand on credit would have done…. what is called sound economics is very often what mirrors the needs of the respectfully affluent.

You want more widely shared growth? Then take away the odious regulatory discriminations that stops banks from giving the risky SMEs and entrepreneurs the opportunity to fair access to bank credit they deserve.

I quote again from John Kenneth Galbraith’s “Money: Whence it came where it went” 1975.

“The function of credit in a simple society is, in fact, remarkably egalitarian. It allows the man with energy and no money to participate in the economy more or less on a par with the man who has capital of his own. And the more casual the conditions under which credit is granted and hence the more impecunious those accommodated, the more egalitarian credit is… Bad banks, unlike good, loaned to the poor risk, which is another name for the poor man.”

But the sad fact is that no new or old Labor, or anyone, would be able to get that advise from a brains trust of seven left-of-centre economic advisers who have never been out on Main-Street, who hate government austerity, but who love bank credit austerity.

Our formal banks have been embraced by a loony regulatory risk aversion that wants to clear, in the capital of banks, the perceived credit risk already cleared for by banks with risk premiums and size of exposures. Or we free them for that or the interests of economic growth, job creation and equality might be best served by unregulated banks operating in the shadows… a la Banca Sommersa style.

@PerKurowski

Greece’s odious debts resulted from odious credits… those that too many want to keep flowing

Sir, I refer to Anne-Sylvaine Chassany’s FT-Lunch with Thomas Piketty, “Europe is choosing the wrong path” June 27. In it, Piketty argues for the cancellation of much Greek debt.

Anyone thinking that Greece’s debt is not already de-facto canceled, by virtue of it being impossible to serve, is either cuckoo, in desperate need of some blissful ignorance, or wants to, instead of honest haircuts, use non-transparent means like inflation to settle it. And so of course the Eurozone’ air would be much clear by biting the bullet. But two comments needs to be made:

First that that should have to go hand in hand with analyzing why Greece got into troubles, in order to avoid a repeat… and that seems to be of no concern to most, including Thomas Piketty.

The over indebtedness of Greece resulted from odious credits that would not have been extended, were it not for regulatory incentives; namely the fact that banks were allowed to leverage immensely their equity when lending to the government of Greece as compared with what they could leverage lending to for instance European SMEs.

The problem though is that, may we say naturally, because of conflicts of interest, too many in Europe, like government employees and/or statist ideologues, are too interested in keeping the flow of these easy credits going. In other words, too many have found redistribution and cleaning up debris after the storm to be a politically more rewarding activity than producing or building more storm resistant houses… and this guarantees the continuance of Europe’s “deeply flawed governance”.

Secondly, allowing banks to hold less equity against the borrowings of “the safe”, than against the borrowing of “the risky”, signifies a subsidy to those who already have more and cheaper access to credit, and a regulatory tax on those who already have less and more expensive access to bank credit. And this translates into an odious and dangerous distortion of the allocation of bank credit to real economy, and which also, by negating opportunities to those most in need of it, is an important driver of inequality. Not wanting to understand this could be explained in terms of intellectual and moral procrastination… and in Europe, I am sad to say to many seem to be engaged in that.

@PerKurowski

The problem is that regulators, behind our backs, empowered an AAArisktocracy to have special access to bank credit.

If we tax and redistribute all wealth, what shall we do the morning after the party? That question, which could be asked to Piketty, is similar in nature to the question we could make to John Plender, “The corporate aristocracy holding out against fiscal revolution” March 3.

Mr. Plender After getting rid of all that corporate cash by paying dividends, by paying taxes or by building private bridges to nowhere, then what?

Also, all that cash is not just forgotten cash lying under a mattress. Plender himself even mentions that “the corporate sector… in several big economies… now acts as a net lender to governments” which means, that the government already uses those funds, perhaps even paying negative interest rates on these.

Current regulations do not allow bank credit to flow in a fair way to those “smaller companies, which innovate and create jobs”, only because they are perceived as “risky”. That is why the liquidity coming from QEs is trapped, and blows bubbles around already existing assets. But Plender, like many others, just does not want to see this…I wonder why?

What “corporate aristocracy”, what we have is an AAArisktocracy that has been appointed by regulators as those who really merit bank credit.

PS. I have for many years argued that when corporations pay taxes, they dilute the citizens’ tax representation. And that is why when Plender writes that in the US corporate taxes were down to 1.6 percent by 2013, my first impulse would be, bring it down to zero now and save yourselves a lot of expensive economic and political distortions.

PS. Also, as a shareholder, in these times of possible extreme volatility, I do not like to hold shares in any company that has not hoarded ample reserves of cash… to fend off threats or to capitalize on opportunities

For access to confidential private Swiss banks accounts, why not “wealth asylum”, something like political asylum?

Sir, John Gapper writes “there are decent reasons apart from tax evasion, or even legal tax avoidance, for the wealthy to put money in Swiss banks”, yet he with reason asks “the rich”, whether that is “any way to behave”, since doing so they will “resemble money launderers”, “Private banks must be more than laundries” February 12.

But Sir, why should a rich have to give up his private Swiss bank account if his reasons are decent?

It seems that what could be needed is something like a Swiss government office where a person can go and request “wealth asylum”. He would there of course have to present reasonable evidence of his source of wealth not being illegal.

If granted, such asylum would offer special confidentiality rights, which would be guaranteed for as long as the Swiss government does not receive substantial proof that shows the application contained major falsehoods.

If Robin Hood could hide in Sherwood Forest why can’t wealthy hide in private banks? I mean let us be frank; there are many bad Sheriffs of Nottingham out there.

If persons are allowed to carry guns against bandits, why not, in these Piketty days, can the wealthy carry private Swiss bank accounts against some overly greedy government bureaucrats?

And sometimes even if its not all "legal": If a poor North Korean managed to evade paying taxes and escape with some money, should not his capital have right to anonymous asylum?

But why on earth should you think about putting the burden to decide about what’s decent and what’s is not, on a small bank clerk who might rarely been out of his country?

PS. Am I wealthy? No! But just like for instance a shoe-artisan in Milan knows it, I know that the higher the number of wealthy around me, the more likely I am to be better off… and so, sometimes, though not too frequently, I also have to think a bit about how to keep the wealthy wealthy. If you have to be a servant, then most often, though not always, you are better served having to serve a wealthy master.

I am very suspicious of those who seem wanting to promote shared poverty… because quite often it sounds like their populist business plan for trying to become very wealthy themselves. And I do oppose the redistribution profiteers

PS. But then, now and again, I get hit by the thought: "If the wealthy could not safeguard their wealth in other countries, then perhaps they would make a stronger stance and defend their wealth more in their own country". And that sometimes could be what is really most needed.

Has ECB and Draghi read Piketty and now want to impose a wealth tax on Europe’s piggy-banks?

Sir, Claire Jones reports Mario Draghi said that the ECB would “do what we must to raise inflation and inflation expectations as fast as possible, “Dovish Draghi raises hopes for more ECB stimulus” November 22.

And since the ECB is aiming at 2 percent inflation that would be equivalent to a 2 percent wealth tax on all the piggy-banks in Europe. Has ECB and Draghi understood Piketty a bit too much?

Frankly, in a Europe with such problems like that banks are effectively restrained by crazy regulators from lending to medium and small businesses, entrepreneurs and start-ups, those tough risky risk-takers that Europe so urgently need to get going, to then hear all this talk about inflation as an overriding minimal requisite for a solution, should make all a bit nervous… specially the poor (and the piggy-banks) who always end being those most taxed by inflation.

FT, McKinsey should it not be: Piketty “Winner of the 2014 Book Business of the Year Award”?

Sir, you, FT states that: “The prize will go to the book that is judged to have provided the most compelling and enjoyable insight into modern business issues.”

Sir, even though during 15 years I was a columnist at Venezuela’s most important paper, until I was expelled by the new pro-government owners, I never considered myself to be a journalist, so I would not know what to do as an FT journalist, if seeing FT approving of Thomas Piketty’s “Capital in the Twenty-First Century” as the “Winner of the 2014 Business Book of the Year Award”.

But, as a consultant, and if a consultant of McKinsey & Company, I would feel much ashamed and would most certainly resign, immediately.

Of course unless all was just a monumental typo and what was really intended was: “Winner of the 2014 Book Business of the Year Award”… with that price I could agree since it must have made Thomas Piketty a quite rich man.

PS. Enjoyable? From what I hear, in number of pages not read by its buyers, this book might go for a Guinness record... hardly something compatible with enjoyable.

Fed’s Janet Yellen, as a leading equal opportunity killer, has no moral right to speak about inequality.

Sir, I refer to Robin Harding’s “Yellen risks backlash after remarks on inequality”, October 18.

There we read of “the high value Americans have traditionally placed on equality of opportunity”… that “Ms Yellen’s speech was about equality of opportunity”… about “the rise in inequality using recent Fed research and then laid out four “building blocks” for economic opportunity in the US: [among these] business ownership” … and that “owning a business [was an] important routes to economic mobility.

For over a decade I have argued that forcing those who are perceived as “risky”, and who therefore already have to pay higher interests and have lesser access to bank credit, to have to pay even higher interests and get even less access to bank credit, only because regulators think banks need to hold more capital when lending to them than when lending to the “absolutely safe”, is an odious discrimination and a great driver of inequality… a real killer of the equal opportunities the poor deserve in order to progress.

And of course, let us not even think of what the Fed’s QE’s have done in terms of un-leveling the playing fields. The fact is that had it not been for how the financial crisis management favored foremost those who had the most, Thomas Piketty’s "Capital in the Twenty-First Century”, would have remained a manuscript.

Sir, to hear someone who so favors regulatory risk-aversion, daring to speak about American values, in the “home of the brave”, in the land built up on the risk-taking of their daring immigrants… is just sad.

PS. To me it is amazing how bank regulators in America can so blitehly ignore the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Regulation B)

Does not the price increases suffered by the Gatsby count as inflation too?

Sir, Wolfgang Münchau refers, as so often is done these days, to the problem of low inflation, and which has even caused “Germany´s conservative central bank to call for wages to rise faster than in the past”, “A desperate Bundesbank has abandoned principle” August 4.

But the fact that there is no inflation recorded could also be a result of how we measure it. For instance, if our inflation basket included assets Plutocrats buy, like stocks, prime property, paintings, collectibles and other fancy stuff, we would certainly observe a quite high inflation… something that by the way should be expected considering how money, assisted by quantitative easing and fiscal deficits, has primarily flooded their pockets.

And really, talking about money which has lost purchasing power… what about all those savings that now buy so much less because of the low interest rates?

And so of course there is inflation… but perhaps not where some would like it to be… though I must confess that, inflation for the plutocrats and no inflation for the poorer, does indeed sound like a Piketty designed plan to combat inequality… could it be a targeted financial repression?

No!, as I have mentioned so many times before, much more important is it for Münchau, and for the Bundesbank, to take some time out to reflect on how the European economies are becoming weaker and weaker, as a result of the risk taking austerity imposed by the Basel Committee´s risk-weighted capital requirements for banks.

The assistance by tech jerks could increase the Piketty inequalities.

Sir, Tim Harford defends the apps for obtaining a “reservation at a popular restaurant… something that have always been valuable but they have been hard to buy and sell” arguing that “none of the people hoping to secure a reservation at a Michelin-starred restaurant is poverty stricken”, “Lessons from tech jerks”, July 26.

Yes indeed but let us not forget that even the one-percenters or less, have to compete for the one-percenters-of-the-one-percenters, and as this new service will extract a higher price, we are again confronting a service that mostly benefits the plutocracy. In fact they will probably pay less for this reservation service that what they currently pay the concierge of the hotel where they reside… and so this can only help to drive up even more the Piketty-inequalities we are told to abhor.

Now on the positive side… when these Michelin-starred restaurants run their own auctioning of reservation system… perhaps they find it profitable to open up for instance early morning shifts… and then some non-plutocrat gourmets and gourmands like me could perhaps have a better chance of finding a seat… and hopefully the real chefs will then perform especially well for their real admirers.

But while, we are on the subject of jerks, let me again remind you that the worst ones are the bank regulators who discriminate against the fair access to bank credit of those who, because they are perceived as risky, are already being discriminated against… the #JerkRegulator

If the £30 million Rembrandt painting was John Kay’s, when would he worry about Piketty taxing it?

Sir, John Kay writes about “The problem of finding fair value in fine art and finance” June 18.

And, in doing so he gives us the example of a painting that the National Trust has just discovered to be by a Rembrandt and estimating its value to be £30 million.

If that painting was hanging in John Kay’s home, when would he start worrying about Thomas Piketty taxing it?

In these globalized times, would you not want your flag to be a flag of convenience, flagged by many?

Sir, what extraordinary interesting questions and suggestion of answers those of Janan Ganesh in “Fly the flag for the liberal values that define Britain” June 17.

I have often proposed that in these days of social media with circles of friends and known and unknown acquaintances, we should always be able have a fast reference to where on earth we all find ourselves, what flags we feel we live under, and perhaps what flags we would like to live under… because, just as ships can carry a convenience flag, why should not a Venezuelan-Polish citizen, in Sweden educated and in Washington living individual like me not be able to carry a British flag if that was the flag I best liked.

And in this respect I do not think that asking what is the flag Britain should flag to rouse the nationalistic sentiments of the locals, is half as good as asking what flag should Britain flag to rouse the globals to want to align behind “the liberal values that define Britain”. In these days we must never forget that you do not need an Armada to conquer, nor do others need an Armada to conquer you.

Or, as Violet Crawley might have admonished, “Do not be so parochial. It is so middle class”.

And with respect to flagging and signalization let us never forget that the order is vital. For instance if you flag the ex-ante maximization of opportunities flag long before the ex-post redistribution of wealth flag, I am certain you will get much better results than flagging in the order that Thomas Piketty sort of seems to imply.

Do not let the very natural splendors of richness distract from the very unnatural causes of unequal richness.

Sir I refer to Lawrence Summers’ “The rich have advantages that money cannot buy” May 9. 

In it Summers writes “In areas ranging from local zoning laws to intellectual property protection, from financial regulations to energy subsidies, public policy now bestows great fortunes on those who primary skill is working the political system rather than producing great products and services. There is a compelling case for policy measures to reduce profits from such rent-seeking activities…”.

Indeed that is the most important task at hand, and nothing should distract our attention from it.

For instance the fact that “the average affluent child now receives 6.000 hours of extracurricular education, more than the average poor child”… has absolutely nothing to do with the challenges at hand… but neither do I think that similar activities is what Summers now suggests we give the less fortunate ones to support their education… and this even though they might be much more motivated receiving it.

Tax the 1 per cent with no other changes and all you get is the 1 per cent of the 1 per cent becoming even wealthier.

Sir, I refer to Richard Robb´s “If you tax the 1 percent it is the middle class who will suffer” May 16.

He is absolutely right and I have myself made similar arguments in an Op-Ed published in Venezuela about a month ago.

That said, what Robb misses is that 99 percent of the 1 percent would, though quite bearable, suffer too, because unless the current wealth concentration channels are altered, the resulting flows would just signify that the 1 percent of the 1 percent, the real plutocrats would become wealthier.

http://perkurowski.blogspot.com/2014/04/avoid-merchants-of-poverty.html

Taxing property or inheritance could, ceteris paribus, only lead to more inequality.

Sir, I refer to Janan Ganesh’s “Tory tax on property is perfect for the Piketty age” May 6.

If I was to make a fast list of what has increased inequality during the last decades that list would include rent extraction, crony capitalism, excessively exploited intellectual property rights, the power of global brands, be it Coca Cola or Real Madrid, the force residing in monopolies or excessive market shares, how managers have taken away corporate control from shareholders, and how bank regulators have allowed such incredible high leverages in the banks while ascertaining to the public these were sound institutions… inheritances would not be on it.

And if I was to combat inequalities I would not start by taxing properties or inheritance since, in the great scheme of things, ceteris paribus, meaning money will keep on flowing how it normally flows, that could lead to even more inequality.

Do I have any suggestions? For a starter two:

First all profits derived from operating under the protection of intellectual property rights or excessive market shares, should be taxed at a higher rate that profits obtained by competing naked in the market.

Second, the tax deductibility as an expense of any salary should be limited to fifty times the median salary of the nation.

When referencing cash, remember it is usually not really cash... & do we need special taxes on profits from patents?

Sir, I refer to Sarah Gordon’s “Be wary of the tax incentives in pharma’s deal financing” May 1, in order to make the following two observations:

First I believe that we should take the opportunity of the inequality frenzy that Piketty’s Capital has brought on, to discuss the treatment given to intellectual property right profits… as there can be little discussion that patents and similar, are among the biggest de facto inequality drivers. I, for instance, have held for some years that profits obtained under the umbrella of patents, and or of extravagant market shares, should be taxed higher than profits obtained from competing naked in the markets.

Second, when Gordon writes about the “$1.64tn of cash” that Moody estimates US companies held at the end of 2013, she would do better referring to “$1.64tn of liquid assets”… since we have no reason to believe the CFO’s of those companies keep stacks of notes hidden in their mattresses. I say this because we should not forget that any alternative use of these assets, will require their disposal… which has other effects in the market.